PRESSURE BANDAGE

VIDEO

HEAD TO TOE EXAM

VIDEO

REAL VIDEO OF QUICK-CLOT

Before watching this video be sure you are prepared to see actual blood. This is not a joke and it is very graphic. It will give you a real look at just how fast arterial bleeding is and why every second counts.

VIDEO ONE

VIDEO TWO

NEW TECH FOR BAND-AID

COOL NEW BAND-AID

GOOD VIDEO FOR BEARS

BEAR VIDEO

Survive a Bear Attack

1. Why Are You Here?

Avoid investigating dark, unknown caves or hollow logs, where bears make their dens, and avoid areas identified by scavengers, such as raccoons, as there may be a feeding bear nearby.

2. You're Kidding with the Camera, Right?

Leave pictures of bears to professional wildlife photographers. Many attacks have occurred because someone decided to try to snap a photo in bear territory. Bears don't like you, and they don't want their picture taken.

3. Whoa, Mama!

If you see a bear with a cub, leave quickly. A mother bear with her cubs is not open to negotiation. She will attack if she thinks she or her cubs are in danger.

4. Leave No Trace

If you're camping, pick up all garbage, cooking supplies, and other materials. Clean up thoroughly after meals, and secure food overnight high above the ground (by hanging it from a tree branch) to prevent it from attracting bears. Not only do sloppy campers damage the area's ecosystem, they're also more likely to come face-to-face with a bear that has followed their gravy train.

5. Keep a Lookout

As you hike through bear country, keep an eye out for claw marks or droppings, and note any scratched up trees or fresh kills, such as deer.

6. Raise a Ruckus, Ring a Bell

Some experts recommend tying a bell to your foot or backpack to make noise as you travel. You can also sing or holler at your hiking buddies. Just don't be a ninja. Bears don't like to be surprised.

7. Freeze! Stick 'Em Up!

Okay, so you've spotted a bear, and the bear has spotted you. Stop right there, and don't move. Speak to the bear in a low, calm voice, and slowly raise your arms up above your head. This makes you appear larger.

Humans and animals can share the great outdoors if everyone behaves accordingly.

8. Back Off

Clearly, you should try to leave now. Do it slowly and go back from whence you came. Don't cross the path of the bear (or any cubs, if present). Just rewind, slowly, and don't come back.

9. Don't Run!

The worst thing you could do at this point would be to get out your camera or try to feed the bear a snack. The second worst thing you could do would be to run. Bears run faster than humans, and they think chasing prey is fun.

10. Hello, Tree

"But bears can climb trees," you say. You're right: some bears, like black bears, can climb trees. But others, like grizzly bears, cannot. Either way, if you can get more than 12 feet up into a tree, you should be okay. That's pretty far up, so this is not your best option.

11. Grizzly Bear? Play Dead!

If a bear is charging you, you've got a couple of less-than-desirable options. The first thing you might try is going into the fetal position and playing dead. This might make you seem vulnerable to the grizzly bear and he or she will sniff you, growl at you, and hopefully leave you alone. Being in the fetal position will also protect your vital organs. IMPORTANT: If you're dealing with a black bear, do NOT play dead. They'll be thrilled that the work's been done for them and will commence lunch. If you can't tell what kind of bear you're dealing with, don't try it!

12. Go Undercover

While you're in the fetal position, try to put your backpack up on top of you to give you an extra layer of protection.

13. Bang, Bang

If a bear is charging you and you've got a gun, now might be the time to use it. Make sure you've got a clean shot because it usually takes more than one bullet to kill a bear and bad aim will only make it angrier. This should only be used as a last resort -- wrongful killing of a bear in the United States incurs a hefty fine up to $20,000.

14. Spray, Spray

Many camping and national park areas don't allow firearms, so some recommend bear spray or pepper spray. But beware: If you spray halfheartedly, it will only make the bear angrier.

15. The Fight of Your Life

Your last option is to fight back with everything you've got. There's really no need to tell you that, at this point, you're in big trouble. Kick, scream, flail your arms, go for the eyes -- do whatever you can because you're in for the fight of your life.

HOW TO GET OUT OF A BURNING BUILDING

1. Step 1

   React quickly. As soon as you become aware that the building is on fire, begin to plan your escape and work quickly to get to safety.

2. Step 2

   Cover your mouth with a shirt or towel. This will help filter your air a little better than directly inhaling smoky air.

3. Step 3

   Stay low- this will prevent you from becoming intoxicated by smoke. Crawl calmly on your hands and knees.

4. Step 4

   Always feel doors with the back of your hand before you open them. This way, if you do happen to get burned, you can still grab things because the palm of your hand can still function. The back of your hand is also more sensitive than your palm.

5. Step 5

   If worst comes to worst, know you can always break a window and escape that way. If you are under 3 stories high, you can usually survive a jump from a window. If you can, try jumping into something soft (a bush, etc). Injury is always better than death!

Maintaining Hygiene during a Medical Emergency

Maintenance of proper hygiene is critical even under makeshift conditions.
Some steps that individuals can take to maintain proper hygiene are:

1. Wash hands frequently using soap and water.
   
2. Wear latex gloves at all times. You should change gloves after each patient, or use bleach and water solution to sterilize (1 part bleach to 10 parts water.)
3. Wear a mask and goggles. If possible, wear a mask that is rated "N95."
4. Keep dressings sterile.
5. Avoid contact with body fluids.

POOR SANITATION IS A MAJOR CAUSE OF ILLNESS, DISEASE, AND DEATH.

TRIAGE FLOWCHART

Follow this flowchart when performing triage!!

IMPORTANT INFORMATION ON FIRE

Should you fight the fire?

Before you begin to fight a small fire:

	Make sure everyone has left, or is leaving, the building.
	Make sure the Fire Department has been called.

Never fight a fire if even one of the following is true:

	The fire is spreading fast or is already a large fire.
	The fire could block your escape route.
	You are untrained in the proper operation of the extinguisher.
	You don't know whether the extinguisher is designed for the type of fire at hand or is large enough to fight the fire.

To fight a fire with an extinguisher in any one of these cases is reckless. Instead, leave immediately, close off the area, and leave the fire to the fire fighters.

Fire Extinguisher Ratings

Old Icon Label | New Label		Classification
		Class A Extinguisherswill put out fires in ordinary combustibles, such as wood and paper. The numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher refers to the amount of water or dry chemical the fire extinguisher holds and the amount of fire it will extinguish.
		Class B Extinguishersshould be used on fires involving flammable liquids, such as kitchen grease, gasoline, kerosene, paint, oil, etc. The numerical rating for this class of fire extinguisher states the approximate number of square feet of a flammable liquid fire that a non-expert person can expect to extinguish. NEVER USE WATER
		Class C Extinguishersare suitable for use on fires involving electrical equipment or wires. This class of fire extinguishers does not have a numerical rating. The presence of the letter “C” indicates that the extinguishing agent is non-conductive. NEVER USE WATER
		Multi-Class Ratings Many extinguishers available today can be used on different types of fires and will be labelled with more than one designator, e.g. A-B, B-C, or A-B-C. Make sure that if you have a multi-purpose extinguisher it is properly labelled.

Types of Fire Extinguishers

Multi-purpose – Dry Chemical These extinguishers are usually rated for multiple-purpose use. They contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant. Dry chemical extinguishers are usually rated for class B and C fires and may be marked multiple purpose for use in A, B, and C fires. Dry chemical extinguishers put out fires by coating the fuel with a thin layer of fire retardant powder, separating the fuel from the oxygen. The fire retardant powder works by suffocating the fire, inhibiting the release of combustible vapours and interrupting the combustion chain reaction, which makes these extinguishers extremely effective. ABC fire extinguishers are red in colour, and range in size from 2.27 kg to 9 kg (5 to 20 pounds). Dry Chemical extinguishers will have a label indicating they may be used on class A, B, and/or C fires.

Water – Air-pressurized Water (APW) These extinguishers contain water and compressed air and should only be used on Class A (ordinary combustibles) fires. Water is one of the most commonly used extinguishing agents for type A fires. You can recognize an APW by its large silver container. They are filled about two-thirds of the way with ordinary water, then pressurized with air. In some cases, detergents are added to the water to produce a foam. They stand about .6 to 1 metre tall (2 to3 feet) and weigh approximately 11.5 kg (25 pounds) when full. APWs extinguish fire by cooling the surface of the fuel to remove the "heat" element of the fire triangle. APWs are designed for Class A (wood, paper, cloth, upholstery, rubber, and certain plastics) fires only. Important: Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid fires (Class B). Water is extremely ineffective at extinguishing this type of fire and will make matters worse by the spreading the fire. Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire (Class C). Water is a good conductor and may lead to electrocution if used to extinguish an electrical fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged and/or de-energized before using a water extinguisher on an electrical fire.

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) These extinguishers are most effective on Class B and C (liquids and electrical) fires. This type of extinguisher is filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) gas, a non-flammable gas under extreme pressure. These extinguishers put out fires by displacing oxygen, or taking away the oxygen element of the fire triangle. Because of its high pressure, when you use this extinguisher pieces of dry ice shoot from the horn, which also has a cooling effect on the fire. Since the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers are only effective from 1 to 2-1/2 metres (3 to 8 feet). Since the fire could re-ignite, continue to apply the agent even after the fire appears to be out. You can recognize this type of extinguisher by its hard horn and lack of pressure gauge. CO2 cylinders are red and range in size from 2.27 kg to 45.36 kg (5 to 100 pounds) or larger. CO2 extinguishers are designed for Class B and C (flammable liquid and electrical) fires only. Important: CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they may continue to smoulder and re-ignite after the CO2 dissipates. Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while people are present without proper respiratory protection.

TRIAGE

Triage is a French term meaning "to sort."

This will be part of your mission during the first aid rodeo in January with multiple victims.

During triage, victims are evaluated, sorted by the urgency of the treatment needed, and set up for immediate and delayed treatment. Typical time is about 20 seconds per patient. This is extremely important the more victims are present. Car crash with multiple vehicles and multiple passengers per car.

During triage, victims' conditions are evaluated and the victims are prioritized and labeled (tagged) into three categories:

• (I) immediate: the victim has one of the three killers and needs help now.
• (D) delayed: the victims injuries do not at this time jeopardize their life.
• (M) morgue: the victim is already beyond your capability to help.
  

If more help has arrived you can have them transport the "tagged" victims to staging areas where they will receive additional treatment. You will need an area for all three types of tags. Evaluate your surroundings and look for places that would make sense. Immediate staging area will need to be were Emergency Medical people have the best access. Keep it simple but there are a lot of things to think about. It all goes back to situational awareness.

SHOCK

Shock is a disorder resulting from ineffective circulation of the blood throughout the body. Remaining in shock will lead to the death of cells, tissues, and organs.

The body will initially compensate for this type of reduced blood flow and the condition will be hard to spot. Because of this most victims must be continually evaluated for shock.

Look for;

• Rapid and shallow breathing
• Capillary refill greater than 2 seconds (blanch test) press on the nail beds and see how long it takes for the white color to turn back to normal.
  
• Failure to follow simple commands, such as, "squeeze my hand."
• Changes in skin color.
  

* People who are in shock should never eat or drink until after their condition is under control.

Procedures for Controlling Shock:

1. Lay the victim on his or her back, and elevate the feet 6-10 inches above the level of the heart. Be sure that you maintain an open airway.
2. Control obvious bleeding.
3. Maintain body temperature (e.g., cover the ground and the victim with a blanket if necessary).
4. Avoid rough or excessive handling unless the rescuer and victim are in immediate danger.
   

IMAGES

PROCEDURES FOR CONTROLLING BLEEDING

Direct Pressure is usually the first method of controlling bleeding.

• Place direct pressure over the wound by putting a clean dressing (sterile gauze) over the wound and press firmly.
  
• Maintain pressure on the dressing over the wound by wrapping the wound firmly with a pressure bandage.

Elevation

• Simply elevate the wound above the level of the heart in the body.
  

Pressure Points

• Put pressure on the nearest pressure point to slow the flow of blood to the wound.
  
• Brachial point for bleeding in the arm.
• Femoral point for bleeding in the leg.
  

This could easily take 5 to 7 minutes to stop the bleeding completely. The use of a dressing with a pressure bandage will allow the rescuer to move on the the next victim.

A pressure bandage should be tied with a bow or square not so that it can me easily untied and the wound examined without cutting and wasting supplies.

CONTROLLING BLEEDING

If bleeding is not controlled, the victim will go into shock within a short period of time, and finally die. An average adult has 5 liters of blood. The loss of only one liter can be fatal.

The Three Types of Bleeding:

1. Arterial - bleeding from an artery is spurting bleeding.
2. Venous - bleeding from a vein is flowing bleeding.
3. Capillary - bleeding from capillaries is oozing bleeding.

The Three main methods for controlling bleeding:

1. Direct pressure
2. Elevation above the heart
3. Pressure points
   

Airway Obstruction:

1. Call out to the victim in question and tell them your name and ask for permission to treat them. If they are unconscious go ahead and treat them.
   
2. At an arm's distance, shake the victim by touching the shoulder and shout, "can you hear me?" If there is no answer place the palm of one hand on the forehead and one on the abdomen turn your face towards their feet and lower your head down close to their nose and mouth. Look to see if you see their chest rise, feel to see if there is any movement in the abdominal area, and listen for any air movement.
   
3. If there is no sign of breathing, keep your hand on their forehead and place two fingers from the other on under the chin and tilt the jaw upward while tilting the head back slightly. As before look, listen and feel.
4. If there is no air exchange check to see if there is a visible obstruction in the mouth or throat that can be removed easily. (If yes remove and repeat step 3 and look, listen and feel.)
5. If there is still no air exchange noticeable, begin CPR. Remember you cannot stop until someone else arrives to take your place.
   

The "Big Three" of life-threatening Conditions:

The "Big Three" as they are called are the most important things to watch out for in any emergency situation.

1. Airway obstruction - patient cannot breath and will die within minutes.
2. Uncontrolled bleeding- patient will bleed out and die or at the very least suffer brain or organ damage.
3. Shock- the body's systems shut down and the patient dies.

These are known as the three killers that should always be treated for first and always in the order listed above. Remember to always ask permission to help someone. Only treat or help if they give you their permission. If they are unconscious treat them as necessary to save their life.

Survival Game

Gentleman;

Here are the answers to the survival game in order of importance.

1. Cigarette lighter (without fluid) your biggest danger was your exposure to the cold. The greatest need is for a source of warmth and the second greatest need is for signaling devices. This means that building a fire should have been your first order of business.
   
2. Ball of steel wool; even with the lighter out of fluid the sparks would have easily ignited the steel wool. Steel wool will even ignite when it is wet.
3. Extra shirt and pants; additional warmth, signaling, bedding, bandages, and even fuel for the fire if needed.
4. Can of Crisco shortening; mirror-like signaling device from the lid. If you only used part of the steel wool to start the fire the other could have been used to shine up the lid which can be seen for miles. A good signal device gives you a better than 80% chance of being rescued the first day. The container could have been used to boil water which you desperately need. The oil can be melted and then dried in cloth to make a candle.
   
5. 20 x 20 canvas, shelter to protect against wind and snow. Can be laid out to form a signal.
6. Small ax; to help gather additional wood, and cutting limbs to build a shelter or laying out a very large signal on the ground.
   
7. Chocolate bars; needs no explanation other than instant food energy.
8. Newspapers; fire starting, and added warmth if wadded up and placed between layers of cloths.
9. Loaded .45 pistol; sound signalization (3 shots), fire starting if you could remove the bullet from the casing. Overall not much use to you for this situation. It is in the middle of winter and there are not a lot of animals that you could stalk close enough to to kill.
   
10. Quart of 100 proof whiskey; good for antiseptic only or for fuel to burn. Do not drink to "warm" yourself up. It will kill you because it takes on the temperature of the outside air. It can cause you to lose body heat.
    
11. Compass; worthless to you because of the declination and you don't know your surroundings at all.
    
12. Map; totally worthless, again you don't know where you are and you don't know if this map is of the area that you have crash landed in.

We only had one group select enough of the right items to survive. This was our first attempt and I know that some of you did not prepare as you should have. This next simulation will be even more difficult and will require you to think outside the box. Your life is on the line, "not really" but pretend that it is and get all that you can from these little exercises. I will post the next one soon, so be on the lookout.